writing-legal

# Academic Legal Writing

Style guide for law review articles, seminar papers, and legal scholarship based on Eugene Volokh's *Academic Legal Writing*.

## On Skill Load

**Step 1: Load base writing rules**

Read `${CLAUDE_SKILL_DIR}/../../skills/writing/SKILL.md` and follow its instructions.

**Step 2: Check for active workflow**

If `.planning/ACTIVE_WORKFLOW.md` exists and `workflow: writing`, update `style: legal`.

If no `.planning/PRECIS.md` exists in the project:
- Suggest: "No PRECIS.md found. Consider `/writing` to set up thesis, audience, and claims first."

**Step 3: Apply legal-specific rules below**

## When to Use

Invoke this skill for:
- Law review articles and student notes
- Seminar papers and legal scholarship
- Academic legal writing with footnotes
- Editing legal prose for structure and argument

**For general writing**: Use `/writing` skill (Strunk & White)
**For economics/finance**: Use `/writing-econ` skill (McCloskey)

## Required Skills

When generating Word documents (`.docx`), you MUST load the `/docx` skill first. The docx skill provides proper document manipulation capabilities.

## Template Requirement

**Template location:** `templates/law_review_template.docx`

When creating or converting a docx, load `references/formatting.md` for heading styles, body text styles, pandoc `--reference-doc` usage, and the document creation gate function.

## Enforcement

### IRON LAW #1: NO DOCX WITHOUT TEMPLATE FIRST

Before creating ANY Word document for legal writing:
1. Load the `/docx` skill
2. Copy `templates/law_review_template.docx` as the base
3. THEN add content to the template copy

If you created a blank docx without the template, DELETE IT and START OVER with the template.

### IRON LAW #2: NO CLAIM WITHOUT CONFRONTING COUNTERARGUMENTS

If your draft makes a prescriptive claim but doesn't address obvious objections, DELETE the section and START OVER. Legal scholarship requires anticipating and answering counterarguments, not ignoring them.

### IRON LAW #3: NO SECONDARY SOURCE CITATIONS FOR PRIMARY SOURCES

If you cite a case/statute/historical fact via an intermediate source (law review, treatise), DELETE the citation and READ THE ORIGINAL. Even Supreme Court opinions misstate precedents.

### Citation Facts

- Reviewers and editors check citations against the originals. A case cited from a headnote, a treatise, or training data — without reading the holding — is an unverified claim presented as fact, and one wrong citation destroys the author's credibility with every reader who catches it.

### Red Flags — STOP If About To:

- Open with "This article discusses..." → STOP. Hook with the concrete problem or controversy.
- Defer counterarguments to a later section → STOP. Confront objections in the section that makes the claim (Iron Law #2).
- Cite a case via a treatise or another case → STOP. Read and cite the original (Iron Law #3).
- Expand background beyond what the claim requires → STOP. Show the problem first; include only what proves the claim.

### Delete & Restart Pattern

**When to delete and restart:**

1. **Intro starts with "This article discusses"** → Delete, start with concrete problem
2. **Background exceeds proof section** → Delete excessive background
3. **Claim made without addressing objections** → Delete section, add counterargument confrontation
4. **Citation chain to primary source** → Delete citation, read and cite original
5. **Unpacked metaphor used as argument** → Delete, write actual logical argument

**How to restart:**

```
Old: "This article discusses privacy concerns in Fourth Amendment doctrine..."
New: "When police drones photograph backyards, does the Fourth Amendment require a warrant?
      Courts disagree, but three features of aerial surveillance suggest yes."
```

Start with CONCRETE QUESTION that matters, not abstract topic description.

## Law Review Article Structure

### Introduction

The introduction serves three functions:
1. Persuade readers to keep reading
2. Summarize the article for those who won't read it
3. Frame how readers interpret what follows

**Requirements:**
- Show the problem concretely with specific examples or hypotheticals
- State the claim clearly—what does the article contribute?
- Integrate the roadmap into the introduction, not as a separate paragraph
- Hook the reader: concrete question, engaging story, controversy, or argument to rebut

**Anti-patterns:**
- Starting with "This article discusses..."
- Separate table-of-contents paragraph (readers skip it)
- Historical background before establishing relevance
- Vague generalities about the importance of the topic

### Background Section

Synthesize precedents; do not summarize each case sequentially. Focus only on facts and rules necessary for the argument.

| Problem | Solution |
|---------|----------|
| Summarizing each case | Synthesize: "Courts generally hold X, except when Y" |
| Mini-treatise on the area | Only what's needed for the claim |
| 80% background, 20% claim | Balance must favor the original contribution |

### Proof of the Claim

For prescriptive claims: Show the proposal is both doctrinally sound AND good policy.

**Use a test suite:** Apply the proposal to concrete scenarios (easy cases, hard cases, edge cases) to demonstrate it works.

**Confront counterarguments:**
- Turn problems to advantage: refine the claim, acknowledge uncertainty
- Stay on offense—address objections without becoming defensive
- Acknowledge costs honestly; readers respect candor

**Connect to broader issues:**
- How does the claim relate to parallel debates?
- What subsidiary discoveries emerged?
- What questions remain for future research?

### Conclusion

Keep conclusions brief. The real work is rewriting the introduction after the draft is complete, ensuring it accurately reflects the article's contributions.

## Legal Argument Problems

Common logical problems in legal writing (see `references/volokh-distilled.md` for detailed examples):

| Problem | Issue |
|---------|-------|
| Categorical assertions | "Always" and "never" invite counterexamples |
| Unpacked metaphors | "Slippery slope" and "chilling effect" hide incomplete arguments |
| Missing logical pieces | Syllogisms that skip steps (subject to scrutiny ≠ fails scrutiny) |
| Universal criticisms | "Chilling effect" applies to most laws—explain why *this* one matters |
| Undefined abstractions | "Privacy," "paternalism," "democratic legitimacy" need definitions |
| "Arguably" as argument | Acknowledges controversy but doesn't make the case |

## Evidence and Citation

### Read Original Sources

Never rely on intermediate sources for cases, statutes, or historical facts. Even Supreme Court opinions misstate precedents.

| Source Type | Rule |
|-------------|------|
| Cases/statutes | Read the original; don't trust treatises or other cases |
| Historical facts | Go to history books, not law review articles citing them |
| Scientific studies | Read the study, not the article summarizing it |
| Newspapers | Unreliable; track down underlying documents |
| Wikipedia | Use to find sources, but cite originals |

### Be Precise with Terms

Avoid false synonyms: "murder" ≠ "homicide" ≠ "killing"; "foreign-born" ≠ "noncitizen"; "children" is ambiguous (0-14? 0-17? 0-24?).

Include necessary qualifiers: "*falsely* shouting fire" is quite different from "shouting fire."

### Be Explicit About Assumptions

Make clear when inferring:
- From correlation to causation
- From one time/place to another
- From one variable to another (arrest rate ≠ crime rate)

Acknowledge the inference and defend it; don't hide it.

### Handle Surveys Carefully

Surveys measure only what respondents said in response to specific questions. Valid surveys require:
- Random sampling (not self-selected, not convenience samples)
- High response rates (70%+)
- Sufficient sample size (1000+ for ±3% margin)
- Unambiguous questions

"Online survey" and "Internet poll" are almost sure signs of invalidity.

## Rhetoric and Tone

| Principle | Application |
|-----------|-------------|
| Understate criticism | "Mistaken" not "idiotic"—overstating raises the burden of proof |
| Attack arguments, not people | "This argument fails" not "Volokh is wrong" |
| Avoid caricature | Quote adherents, not critics, when explaining a position |

See `references/volokh-distilled.md` for extended discussion of rhetorical problems.

## Quick Reference

| Problem | Solution |
|---------|----------|
| "This article discusses X" | Hook with concrete problem |
| Case-by-case summaries | Synthesize precedents |
| Undefended metaphors | Unpack the concrete mechanism |
| "Arguably" / "raises concerns" | Give the actual argument |
| Relying on intermediate source | Read original case/study |
| "Many children" | Specify: "111 children age 0-17" |
| "Correlation shows causation" | Explain why inference is valid |
| "Volokh's argument is idiotic" | "This argument seems unsound" |

## Progressive Disclosure

For comprehensive guidance, consult:

### Reference Files

- **`references/formatting.md`** - Template formatting reference:
  - Heading hierarchy and Title Case rules
  - Body text styles
  - Document creation gate function (5-step)
  - Pandoc `--reference-doc` usage
  - Template facts and red flags

- **`references/volokh-distilled.md`** - Extended Volokh guidance covering:
  - Full logical problems taxonomy
  - Word and phrase problems to avoid
  - Extended evidence handling
  - Survey analysis methodology
  - Editing principles and exercises

### When to Load References

Load `references/formatting.md` when:
- Creating or converting a Word document
- Applying template styles or pandoc conversion

Load `references/volokh-distilled.md` when:
- Encountering specific evidence evaluation questions
- Needing detailed survey methodology guidance
- Working on substantial manuscript revision
- Checking specific word choice or usage questions

## Integration

**Required skills for document generation:**
- `/docx` - Load BEFORE creating any Word document
- `/bluebook` - Load when formatting legal citations

After completing any legal writing task, invoke `/ai-anti-patterns` to check for AI writing indicators. The `/writing` skill covers general prose principles (active voice, omit needless words) that complement this skill.