firecrawl-rate-limits

# Firecrawl Rate Limits

## Overview
Firecrawl enforces rate limits per API key measured in requests per minute and concurrent connections. When exceeded, the API returns `429 Too Many Requests` with a `Retry-After` header. This skill covers backoff strategies, request queuing, and proactive throttling.

## Rate Limit Tiers

| Plan | Scrape RPM | Crawl Concurrency | Credits/Month |
|------|-----------|-------------------|---------------|
| Free | 10 | 2 | 500 |
| Hobby | 20 | 3 | 3,000 |
| Standard | 50 | 5 | 50,000 |
| Growth | 100 | 10 | 500,000 |
| Scale | 500+ | 50+ | Custom |

Concurrent crawl jobs count against concurrency limits. If the queue is full, new jobs are rejected with 429.

## Instructions

### Step 1: Exponential Backoff with Jitter
```typescript
import FirecrawlApp from "@mendable/firecrawl-js";

const firecrawl = new FirecrawlApp({
  apiKey: process.env.FIRECRAWL_API_KEY!,
});

async function withBackoff<T>(
  operation: () => Promise<T>,
  config = { maxRetries: 5, baseDelayMs: 1000, maxDelayMs: 32000 }
): Promise<T> {
  for (let attempt = 0; attempt <= config.maxRetries; attempt++) {
    try {
      return await operation();
    } catch (error: any) {
      if (attempt === config.maxRetries) throw error;

      const status = error.statusCode || error.status;
      // Only retry on 429 (rate limit) and 5xx (server error)
      if (status && status !== 429 && status < 500) throw error;

      // Exponential delay with random jitter to prevent thundering herd
      const exponentialDelay = config.baseDelayMs * Math.pow(2, attempt);
      const jitter = Math.random() * 500;
      const delay = Math.min(exponentialDelay + jitter, config.maxDelayMs);

      console.warn(`Rate limited (${status}). Retry ${attempt + 1}/${config.maxRetries} in ${delay.toFixed(0)}ms`);
      await new Promise(r => setTimeout(r, delay));
    }
  }
  throw new Error("Unreachable");
}

// Usage
const result = await withBackoff(() =>
  firecrawl.scrapeUrl("https://example.com", { formats: ["markdown"] })
);
```

### Step 2: Queue-Based Rate Limiting with p-queue
```typescript
import PQueue from "p-queue";

// Limit to 5 concurrent requests, max 10 per second
const scrapeQueue = new PQueue({
  concurrency: 5,
  interval: 1000,
  intervalCap: 10,
});

async function queuedScrape(url: string) {
  return scrapeQueue.add(() =>
    withBackoff(() =>
      firecrawl.scrapeUrl(url, { formats: ["markdown"] })
    )
  );
}

// Scrape many URLs respecting rate limits
const urls = ["https://a.com", "https://b.com", "https://c.com"];
const results = await Promise.all(urls.map(url => queuedScrape(url)));
console.log(`Queue: ${scrapeQueue.pending} pending, ${scrapeQueue.size} queued`);
```

### Step 3: Proactive Throttling (Pre-emptive)
```typescript
class RateLimitTracker {
  private requestTimes: number[] = [];
  private windowMs: number;
  private maxRequests: number;

  constructor(maxRequests = 50, windowMs = 60000) {
    this.maxRequests = maxRequests;
    this.windowMs = windowMs;
  }

  async waitIfNeeded(): Promise<void> {
    const now = Date.now();
    this.requestTimes = this.requestTimes.filter(t => now - t < this.windowMs);

    if (this.requestTimes.length >= this.maxRequests) {
      const oldestInWindow = this.requestTimes[0];
      const waitMs = this.windowMs - (now - oldestInWindow) + 100;
      console.log(`Proactive throttle: waiting ${waitMs}ms to stay under ${this.maxRequests} RPM`);
      await new Promise(r => setTimeout(r, waitMs));
    }

    this.requestTimes.push(Date.now());
  }
}

const throttle = new RateLimitTracker(50, 60000); // 50 requests per minute

async function throttledScrape(url: string) {
  await throttle.waitIfNeeded();
  return firecrawl.scrapeUrl(url, { formats: ["markdown"] });
}
```

### Step 4: Batch Scrape for Efficiency
```typescript
// batchScrapeUrls is more efficient than individual scrapes
// It handles internal rate limiting and is cheaper on credits
const urls = [
  "https://example.com/page1",
  "https://example.com/page2",
  "https://example.com/page3",
];

// Single API call instead of 3 separate scrapes
const batchResult = await firecrawl.batchScrapeUrls(urls, {
  formats: ["markdown"],
});

console.log(`Batch scraped ${batchResult.data?.length} pages`);
```

## Error Handling
| Header | Description | Action |
|--------|-------------|--------|
| `Retry-After` | Seconds to wait | Honor this exact value |
| `X-RateLimit-Limit` | Max requests per window | Use for proactive throttling |
| `X-RateLimit-Remaining` | Remaining in window | Slow down when < 5 |
| `X-RateLimit-Reset` | Reset timestamp | Wait until this time |

## Examples

### Monitor Rate Limit Usage
```typescript
class RateLimitMonitor {
  private remaining = Infinity;
  private resetAt = new Date();

  update(status: number, headers: Record<string, string>) {
    if (headers["x-ratelimit-remaining"]) {
      this.remaining = parseInt(headers["x-ratelimit-remaining"]);
    }
    if (headers["x-ratelimit-reset"]) {
      this.resetAt = new Date(parseInt(headers["x-ratelimit-reset"]) * 1000);
    }
    if (this.remaining < 5) {
      console.warn(`Low rate limit: ${this.remaining} remaining, resets at ${this.resetAt.toISOString()}`);
    }
  }
}
```

## Resources
- [Firecrawl Rate Limits](https://docs.firecrawl.dev/rate-limits)
- [p-queue](https://github.com/sindresorhus/p-queue)

## Next Steps
For security configuration, see `firecrawl-security-basics`.