serverless-modal

# Modal Cloud GPU — Training & Inference

Task: $ARGUMENTS

## Overview

**Modal** is a serverless GPU cloud. Key advantages over SSH-based platforms (vast.ai, remote servers):
- **Zero config**: no SSH, no Docker, no port forwarding. Write Python → `modal run` → done.
- **Auto scale-to-zero**: billing stops the instant your code finishes. No idle instances.
- **Local-first**: run `modal run` from your laptop. Code, data, and results stay local; only the GPU function runs remotely.
- **Reproducible environments**: dependencies declared in code via `modal.Image`, not system-level packages.

**Best for**: Users without a local GPU who need to debug CUDA code, run small-scale tests, or iterate quickly on experiments. The $5 free tier (no card) is enough for code debugging; $30 (with card) covers most small-scale experiment runs.

**Trade-off**: Modal costs more per GPU-hour than vast.ai or Lightning for some GPU tiers, but eliminates setup time and idle billing, often making it cheaper for short/medium workloads. For long training runs (>4 hours), consider vast.ai for lower $/hr.

## Authentication

```bash
pip install modal
modal setup          # Opens browser login, writes token to ~/.modal.toml
# Verify:
modal run -q 'print("ok")'
```

- Sign up: https://modal.com (GitHub/Google login)
- Free (no card): **$5/month** — enough for quick tests
- Free (with card): **$30/month** — bind a payment method at https://modal.com/settings for the full free tier. Set a **workspace spending limit** to prevent accidental overcharge (Settings → Usage → Spending Limit)
- Academic: apply for $10k credits | Startups: apply for $25k credits
- Secrets: `modal secret create huggingface-secret HF_TOKEN=hf_xxxxx`

> **Recommended setup**: Bind a card to unlock $30/month, then immediately set a spending limit (e.g., $30) so you never exceed the free tier. Modal will pause your workloads when the limit is hit.
>
> **SECURITY WARNING**: Always bind your card and set spending limits directly on https://modal.com/settings in your browser. NEVER enter payment information, card numbers, or billing details through Claude Code or any CLI tool. Only the official Modal website is safe for payment operations.

## Pricing (source: modal.com/pricing, per-second billing)

| GPU | $/sec | ≈$/hr | VRAM | Bandwidth GB/s | Free budget → hours |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| T4 | $0.000164 | $0.59 | 16GB | 300 | ~8.5 hr ($5) / 50.8 hr ($30) |
| L4 | $0.000222 | $0.80 | 24GB | 300 | ~6.3 hr / 37.5 hr |
| A10 | $0.000306 | $1.10 | 24GB | 600 | ~4.5 hr / 27.3 hr |
| L40S | $0.000542 | $1.95 | 48GB | 864 | ~2.6 hr / 15.4 hr |
| A100-40GB | $0.000583 | $2.10 | 40GB | 1555 | ~2.4 hr / 14.3 hr |
| A100-80GB | $0.000694 | $2.50 | 80GB | 2039 | ~2.0 hr / 12.0 hr |
| H100 | $0.001097 | $3.95 | 80GB | 3352 | ~1.3 hr / 7.6 hr |
| H200 | $0.001261 | $4.54 | 141GB | 4800 | ~1.1 hr / 6.6 hr |
| B200 | $0.001736 | $6.25 | 192GB | 8000 | ~0.8 hr / 4.8 hr |

CPU: $0.047/core/hr | RAM: $0.008/GiB/hr (GPU typically 90%+ of total cost)

## !! Cost Estimation Required !!

Before EVERY run, estimate cost and show to user for confirmation.

Key insights:
- Inference bottleneck is **memory bandwidth**, not compute → high-bandwidth GPUs are often cheaper overall
- 7-8B BF16 inference needs **~22GB VRAM** (weights 15G + KV cache 1G + overhead), T4 (16GB) insufficient
- H100 is often **cheaper than L4** for benchmarks (11x faster but only 5x more expensive)

### Cost Estimation Template (required before every run)

```
Cost estimate (Modal):
  Model: [name] ([params], [precision])
  VRAM: ~[X]GB (weights + KV cache + overhead)
  GPU: [type] ([VRAM]GB, $[X]/sec = $[X]/hr, bandwidth [X] GB/s)
  Estimate: ~[N] min, ~$[X]
```

### 7-8B BF16 Benchmark Cost Comparison

| GPU | Speed tok/s | $/hr | 1000 samples x 200tok cost | Duration |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| **H100** | **224** | $3.95 | **$0.98** | **15 min** |
| A100-40GB | 104 | $2.10 | $1.12 | 32 min |
| L4 | 20 | $0.80 | $2.22 | 167 min |

## Workflow

### Step 1: Analyze Task → Estimate Cost → Choose GPU

Same analysis as any GPU skill — determine VRAM needs from model size, pick GPU, estimate hours, calculate cost. See pricing table above.

**VRAM Rules of Thumb:**
| Model Size | FP16 VRAM | Recommended GPU |
|---|---|---|
| ≤3B | ~8GB | T4, L4 |
| 7-8B | ~22GB | L4, A10, A100-40GB |
| 13B | ~30GB | L40S, A100-40GB |
| 30B | ~65GB | A100-80GB, H100 |
| 70B | ~140GB | H100:2, H200 |

### Step 2: Generate Modal Launcher

Based on the task type, generate the appropriate launcher script.

#### Pattern A: One-Shot GPU Function (training, evaluation, benchmark)

The most common pattern for `run-experiment` integration. Wraps an existing training script:

```python
import modal

app = modal.App("experiment-name")
image = modal.Image.debian_slim(python_version="3.11").pip_install(
    "torch", "transformers", "accelerate", "datasets", "wandb"
)

# Mount local project code into the container
local_code = modal.Mount.from_local_dir(".", remote_path="/workspace")
# Persistent volume for checkpoints and results
volume = modal.Volume.from_name("experiment-results", create_if_missing=True)

@app.function(
    image=image,
    gpu="A100-80GB",          # Chosen based on Step 1 analysis
    mounts=[local_code],
    volumes={"/results": volume},
    timeout=3600 * 6,         # 6 hours max
    secrets=[modal.Secret.from_name("wandb-secret")],  # Optional
)
def train():
    import subprocess
    subprocess.run(
        ["python", "train.py", "--output_dir", "/results/run_001"],
        cwd="/workspace",
        check=True,
    )
    volume.commit()  # Persist results to volume

@app.local_entrypoint()
def main():
    train.remote()
    print("Training complete. Results saved to Modal volume 'experiment-results'.")
```

Run: `modal run launcher.py`

#### Pattern B: Web API (persistent inference service)

```python
import modal

app = modal.App("inference-api")
image = modal.Image.debian_slim(python_version="3.11").pip_install(
    "torch", "transformers", "accelerate"
)

@app.cls(image=image, gpu="L40S")
@modal.concurrent(max_inputs=10)
class InferenceAPI:
    @modal.enter()
    def load_model(self):
        from transformers import AutoModelForCausalLM, AutoTokenizer
        self.tokenizer = AutoTokenizer.from_pretrained("meta-llama/Llama-3.2-1B")
        self.model = AutoModelForCausalLM.from_pretrained(
            "meta-llama/Llama-3.2-1B", device_map="auto"
        )

    @modal.fastapi_endpoint(method="POST")
    def generate(self, request: dict):
        inputs = self.tokenizer(request.get("prompt", ""), return_tensors="pt").to("cuda")
        outputs = self.model.generate(**inputs, max_new_tokens=256)
        return {"text": self.tokenizer.decode(outputs[0], skip_special_tokens=True)}
```

Deploy: `modal deploy app.py`

#### Pattern C: vLLM High-Performance Inference

```python
import modal, subprocess

app = modal.App("vllm-server")
image = modal.Image.debian_slim(python_version="3.11").pip_install("vllm")
VOLUME = modal.Volume.from_name("model-cache", create_if_missing=True)
MODEL = "Qwen/Qwen3-4B"

@app.function(image=image, gpu="H100", volumes={"/models": VOLUME}, timeout=3600)
@modal.concurrent(max_inputs=100)
@modal.web_server(port=8000)
def serve():
    subprocess.Popen(["python", "-m", "vllm.entrypoints.openai.api_server",
                      "--model", MODEL, "--download-dir", "/models", "--port", "8000"])
```

#### Pattern D: Batch Parallel (map over dataset)

```python
@app.function(image=image, gpu="T4", timeout=600)
def process_item(item: dict) -> dict:
    # ... process one item ...
    return {"result": "processed"}

@app.local_entrypoint()
def main():
    results = list(process_item.map([{"id": i} for i in range(1000)]))
```

#### Pattern E: LoRA Fine-Tuning

```python
@app.function(
    image=image, gpu="A100-80GB", volumes={"/output": volume},
    timeout=3600 * 6, secrets=[modal.Secret.from_name("huggingface-secret")],
)
def train():
    # ... transformers + peft + trl training code ...
    trainer.save_model("/output/final")
    volume.commit()
```

#### Pattern F: Multi-GPU Distributed Training

```python
@app.function(image=image, gpu="H100:4", volumes={"/output": volume}, timeout=3600 * 12)
def train_distributed():
    import subprocess
    subprocess.run(["accelerate", "launch", "--num_processes", "4",
                    "--mixed_precision", "bf16", "train.py"], check=True)
```

### Step 3: Run

```bash
modal run launcher.py     # One-shot execution (most common for experiments)
modal deploy app.py       # Persistent service deployment
```

### Step 4: Verify & Monitor

```bash
modal app list            # List running apps
modal app logs <app-name> # Stream logs
```

### Step 5: Collect Results

Results collection depends on the pattern used:

**Volume-based** (recommended for training):
```python
# Download results from volume after run completes
# Option A: In the launcher script, copy results to local mount before exit
# Option B: Use modal volume commands
modal volume ls experiment-results
modal volume get experiment-results /run_001/results.json ./results/
```

**Stdout/return-based** (for evaluation/benchmarks):
Results are printed to terminal or returned from the function — already local.

### Step 6: Cleanup

Modal auto-scales to zero — no manual instance destruction needed. But clean up unused resources:

```bash
modal app stop <app-name>     # Stop a deployed service
modal volume rm <volume-name> # Delete a volume when done
```

## CLI Reference

```bash
modal run app.py          # Run once
modal deploy app.py       # Deploy persistent service
modal app logs <app>      # View logs
modal app list            # List apps
modal app stop <app>      # Stop
modal volume ls           # List volumes
modal volume get <vol> <remote> <local>  # Download from volume
modal secret create NAME KEY=VALUE       # Create secret
```

## Key Tips

- GPU fallback: `gpu=["H100", "A100-80GB", "L40S"]` — Modal tries each in order
- Multi-GPU: `gpu="H100:4"` (up to 8 GPUs, cost scales linearly)
- Volume: `modal.Volume.from_name("x", create_if_missing=True)` for persistent storage
- `@modal.enter()` loads model once per container | `@modal.concurrent()` for concurrent requests
- Long training: set `timeout=3600 * N` (default is 5 min)
- Local code: `modal.Mount.from_local_dir(".", remote_path="/workspace")`
- W&B integration: `secrets=[modal.Secret.from_name("wandb-secret")]` + `wandb.init()` in your script

## Composing with Other Skills

```
/run-experiment "train model"       <- detects gpu: modal, calls /serverless-modal
  -> /serverless-modal              <- analyzes task, generates launcher, runs
  -> Results returned locally or to Modal Volume
  -> No destroy step needed (auto scale-to-zero)

/serverless-modal                   <- standalone: any Modal GPU workload
/serverless-modal "deploy vLLM"     <- inference service deployment
```

## CLAUDE.md Example

```markdown
## Modal
- gpu: modal                 # tells run-experiment to use Modal serverless
- modal_gpu: A100-80GB       # optional: override GPU selection (default: auto-select)
- modal_timeout: 21600       # optional: max seconds (default: 6 hours)
- modal_volume: my-results   # optional: named volume for results persistence
```

No SSH keys, no Docker images, no instance management needed. Just `pip install modal && modal setup`.

> **Cost protection**: After `modal setup`, go to https://modal.com/settings in your browser (NEVER through CLI) → bind a payment method to unlock $30/month free tier (without card: only $5/month). Then set a **workspace spending limit** equal to your free tier amount — Modal will auto-pause workloads when the limit is reached, preventing any surprise charges.

## Documentation

- Docs: https://modal.com/docs/guide
- GPU: https://modal.com/docs/guide/gpu
- Pricing: https://modal.com/pricing
- Examples: https://modal.com/docs/examples