django-patterns
Django architecture patterns, REST API design with DRF, ORM best practices, caching, signals, middleware, and production-grade Django apps.
About this skill
This skill provides AI agents with comprehensive knowledge of scalable and maintainable Django development. It covers essential architecture patterns for building robust, production-grade Django applications, focusing on best practices for REST API design with Django REST Framework (DRF), efficient ORM usage, caching strategies, signal implementation, and middleware development. It also offers guidance on structuring Django projects for clarity, modularity, and robustness, ensuring generated code adheres to industry standards for high-performance and reliable web applications.
Best use case
Building new Django web applications or REST APIs from scratch. Refactoring existing Django code to improve scalability, maintainability, or performance. Implementing specific advanced Django features like caching, custom signals, or middleware. Designing a well-structured and modular Django project layout. Troubleshooting performance issues related to ORM queries or API design in Django.
Django architecture patterns, REST API design with DRF, ORM best practices, caching, signals, middleware, and production-grade Django apps.
The AI agent will generate high-quality, scalable, and maintainable Django code that adheres to modern architecture patterns and best practices. This includes robust REST API designs, efficient ORM queries, proper project structuring, and intelligent use of caching, signals, and middleware, resulting in production-ready Django applications or components.
Practical example
Example input
Design a scalable Django REST API for a social media platform, including user authentication, post creation, and comment functionality. Ensure proper ORM usage, caching for frequently accessed data, and a well-structured project following best practices.
Example output
The AI would outline a project structure adhering to the recommended layout (e.g., `config/settings`, `apps/users`, `apps/posts`). It would propose DRF serializers, viewsets, and permissions for users, posts, and comments, suggesting appropriate authentication methods. It would define ORM models with optimized relationships and indexes. Additionally, it would suggest caching mechanisms for frequently accessed data (e.g., user profiles, popular posts) and indicate where signals or middleware could enhance functionality or security.
When to use this skill
- When generating code for Django web applications or backend services.
- When designing or implementing RESTful APIs using Django REST Framework.
- When advising on Django ORM best practices, model design, or database interaction strategies.
- When setting up a new Django project structure, ensuring it follows recommended layouts.
When not to use this skill
- When working with web frameworks or programming languages other than Django/Python.
- For simple, standalone Python scripts that do not require full web application architecture or backend patterns.
- When the task is purely related to frontend development, mobile applications, or non-web backend tasks.
- When the project requirements are minimal and do not necessitate complex architecture patterns or scalability considerations.
Installation
Claude Code / Cursor / Codex
Manual Installation
- Download SKILL.md from GitHub
- Place it in
.claude/skills/django-patterns/SKILL.mdinside your project - Restart your AI agent — it will auto-discover the skill
How django-patterns Compares
| Feature / Agent | django-patterns | Standard Approach |
|---|---|---|
| Platform Support | Claude | Limited / Varies |
| Context Awareness | High | Baseline |
| Installation Complexity | easy | N/A |
Frequently Asked Questions
What does this skill do?
Django architecture patterns, REST API design with DRF, ORM best practices, caching, signals, middleware, and production-grade Django apps.
Which AI agents support this skill?
This skill is designed for Claude.
How difficult is it to install?
The installation complexity is rated as easy. You can find the installation instructions above.
Where can I find the source code?
You can find the source code on GitHub using the link provided at the top of the page.
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SKILL.md Source
# Django 開発パターン
スケーラブルで保守可能なアプリケーションのための本番グレードのDjangoアーキテクチャパターン。
## いつ有効化するか
- Djangoウェブアプリケーションを構築するとき
- Django REST Framework APIを設計するとき
- Django ORMとモデルを扱うとき
- Djangoプロジェクト構造を設定するとき
- キャッシング、シグナル、ミドルウェアを実装するとき
## プロジェクト構造
### 推奨レイアウト
```
myproject/
├── config/
│ ├── __init__.py
│ ├── settings/
│ │ ├── __init__.py
│ │ ├── base.py # 基本設定
│ │ ├── development.py # 開発設定
│ │ ├── production.py # 本番設定
│ │ └── test.py # テスト設定
│ ├── urls.py
│ ├── wsgi.py
│ └── asgi.py
├── manage.py
└── apps/
├── __init__.py
├── users/
│ ├── __init__.py
│ ├── models.py
│ ├── views.py
│ ├── serializers.py
│ ├── urls.py
│ ├── permissions.py
│ ├── filters.py
│ ├── services.py
│ └── tests/
└── products/
└── ...
```
### 分割設定パターン
```python
# config/settings/base.py
from pathlib import Path
BASE_DIR = Path(__file__).resolve().parent.parent.parent
SECRET_KEY = env('DJANGO_SECRET_KEY')
DEBUG = False
ALLOWED_HOSTS = []
INSTALLED_APPS = [
'django.contrib.admin',
'django.contrib.auth',
'django.contrib.contenttypes',
'django.contrib.sessions',
'django.contrib.messages',
'django.contrib.staticfiles',
'rest_framework',
'rest_framework.authtoken',
'corsheaders',
# Local apps
'apps.users',
'apps.products',
]
MIDDLEWARE = [
'django.middleware.security.SecurityMiddleware',
'whitenoise.middleware.WhiteNoiseMiddleware',
'django.contrib.sessions.middleware.SessionMiddleware',
'corsheaders.middleware.CorsMiddleware',
'django.middleware.common.CommonMiddleware',
'django.middleware.csrf.CsrfViewMiddleware',
'django.contrib.auth.middleware.AuthenticationMiddleware',
'django.contrib.messages.middleware.MessageMiddleware',
'django.middleware.clickjacking.XFrameOptionsMiddleware',
]
ROOT_URLCONF = 'config.urls'
WSGI_APPLICATION = 'config.wsgi.application'
DATABASES = {
'default': {
'ENGINE': 'django.db.backends.postgresql',
'NAME': env('DB_NAME'),
'USER': env('DB_USER'),
'PASSWORD': env('DB_PASSWORD'),
'HOST': env('DB_HOST'),
'PORT': env('DB_PORT', default='5432'),
}
}
# config/settings/development.py
from .base import *
DEBUG = True
ALLOWED_HOSTS = ['localhost', '127.0.0.1']
DATABASES['default']['NAME'] = 'myproject_dev'
INSTALLED_APPS += ['debug_toolbar']
MIDDLEWARE += ['debug_toolbar.middleware.DebugToolbarMiddleware']
EMAIL_BACKEND = 'django.core.mail.backends.console.EmailBackend'
# config/settings/production.py
from .base import *
DEBUG = False
ALLOWED_HOSTS = env.list('ALLOWED_HOSTS')
SECURE_SSL_REDIRECT = True
SESSION_COOKIE_SECURE = True
CSRF_COOKIE_SECURE = True
SECURE_HSTS_SECONDS = 31536000
SECURE_HSTS_INCLUDE_SUBDOMAINS = True
SECURE_HSTS_PRELOAD = True
# ロギング
LOGGING = {
'version': 1,
'disable_existing_loggers': False,
'handlers': {
'file': {
'level': 'WARNING',
'class': 'logging.FileHandler',
'filename': '/var/log/django/django.log',
},
},
'loggers': {
'django': {
'handlers': ['file'],
'level': 'WARNING',
'propagate': True,
},
},
}
```
## モデル設計パターン
### モデルのベストプラクティス
```python
from django.db import models
from django.contrib.auth.models import AbstractUser
from django.core.validators import MinValueValidator, MaxValueValidator
class User(AbstractUser):
"""AbstractUserを拡張したカスタムユーザーモデル。"""
email = models.EmailField(unique=True)
phone = models.CharField(max_length=20, blank=True)
birth_date = models.DateField(null=True, blank=True)
USERNAME_FIELD = 'email'
REQUIRED_FIELDS = ['username']
class Meta:
db_table = 'users'
verbose_name = 'user'
verbose_name_plural = 'users'
ordering = ['-date_joined']
def __str__(self):
return self.email
def get_full_name(self):
return f"{self.first_name} {self.last_name}".strip()
class Product(models.Model):
"""適切なフィールド設定を持つProductモデル。"""
name = models.CharField(max_length=200)
slug = models.SlugField(unique=True, max_length=250)
description = models.TextField(blank=True)
price = models.DecimalField(
max_digits=10,
decimal_places=2,
validators=[MinValueValidator(0)]
)
stock = models.PositiveIntegerField(default=0)
is_active = models.BooleanField(default=True)
category = models.ForeignKey(
'Category',
on_delete=models.CASCADE,
related_name='products'
)
tags = models.ManyToManyField('Tag', blank=True, related_name='products')
created_at = models.DateTimeField(auto_now_add=True)
updated_at = models.DateTimeField(auto_now=True)
class Meta:
db_table = 'products'
ordering = ['-created_at']
indexes = [
models.Index(fields=['slug']),
models.Index(fields=['-created_at']),
models.Index(fields=['category', 'is_active']),
]
constraints = [
models.CheckConstraint(
check=models.Q(price__gte=0),
name='price_non_negative'
)
]
def __str__(self):
return self.name
def save(self, *args, **kwargs):
if not self.slug:
self.slug = slugify(self.name)
super().save(*args, **kwargs)
```
### QuerySetのベストプラクティス
```python
from django.db import models
class ProductQuerySet(models.QuerySet):
"""Productモデルのカスタム QuerySet。"""
def active(self):
"""アクティブな製品のみを返す。"""
return self.filter(is_active=True)
def with_category(self):
"""N+1クエリを避けるために関連カテゴリを選択。"""
return self.select_related('category')
def with_tags(self):
"""多対多リレーションシップのためにタグをプリフェッチ。"""
return self.prefetch_related('tags')
def in_stock(self):
"""在庫が0より大きい製品を返す。"""
return self.filter(stock__gt=0)
def search(self, query):
"""名前または説明で製品を検索。"""
return self.filter(
models.Q(name__icontains=query) |
models.Q(description__icontains=query)
)
class Product(models.Model):
# ... フィールド ...
objects = ProductQuerySet.as_manager() # カスタムQuerySetを使用
# 使用例
Product.objects.active().with_category().in_stock()
```
### マネージャーメソッド
```python
class ProductManager(models.Manager):
"""複雑なクエリ用のカスタムマネージャー。"""
def get_or_none(self, **kwargs):
"""DoesNotExistの代わりにオブジェクトまたはNoneを返す。"""
try:
return self.get(**kwargs)
except self.model.DoesNotExist:
return None
def create_with_tags(self, name, price, tag_names):
"""関連タグを持つ製品を作成。"""
product = self.create(name=name, price=price)
tags = [Tag.objects.get_or_create(name=name)[0] for name in tag_names]
product.tags.set(tags)
return product
def bulk_update_stock(self, product_ids, quantity):
"""複数の製品の在庫を一括更新。"""
return self.filter(id__in=product_ids).update(stock=quantity)
# モデル内
class Product(models.Model):
# ... フィールド ...
custom = ProductManager()
```
## Django REST Frameworkパターン
### シリアライザーパターン
```python
from rest_framework import serializers
from django.contrib.auth.password_validation import validate_password
from .models import Product, User
class ProductSerializer(serializers.ModelSerializer):
"""Productモデルのシリアライザー。"""
category_name = serializers.CharField(source='category.name', read_only=True)
average_rating = serializers.FloatField(read_only=True)
discount_price = serializers.SerializerMethodField()
class Meta:
model = Product
fields = [
'id', 'name', 'slug', 'description', 'price',
'discount_price', 'stock', 'category_name',
'average_rating', 'created_at'
]
read_only_fields = ['id', 'slug', 'created_at']
def get_discount_price(self, obj):
"""該当する場合は割引価格を計算。"""
if hasattr(obj, 'discount') and obj.discount:
return obj.price * (1 - obj.discount.percent / 100)
return obj.price
def validate_price(self, value):
"""価格が非負であることを確認。"""
if value < 0:
raise serializers.ValidationError("Price cannot be negative.")
return value
class ProductCreateSerializer(serializers.ModelSerializer):
"""製品作成用のシリアライザー。"""
class Meta:
model = Product
fields = ['name', 'description', 'price', 'stock', 'category']
def validate(self, data):
"""複数フィールドのカスタム検証。"""
if data['price'] > 10000 and data['stock'] > 100:
raise serializers.ValidationError(
"Cannot have high-value products with large stock."
)
return data
class UserRegistrationSerializer(serializers.ModelSerializer):
"""ユーザー登録用のシリアライザー。"""
password = serializers.CharField(
write_only=True,
required=True,
validators=[validate_password],
style={'input_type': 'password'}
)
password_confirm = serializers.CharField(write_only=True, style={'input_type': 'password'})
class Meta:
model = User
fields = ['email', 'username', 'password', 'password_confirm']
def validate(self, data):
"""パスワードが一致することを検証。"""
if data['password'] != data['password_confirm']:
raise serializers.ValidationError({
"password_confirm": "Password fields didn't match."
})
return data
def create(self, validated_data):
"""ハッシュ化されたパスワードでユーザーを作成。"""
validated_data.pop('password_confirm')
password = validated_data.pop('password')
user = User.objects.create(**validated_data)
user.set_password(password)
user.save()
return user
```
### ViewSetパターン
```python
from rest_framework import viewsets, status, filters
from rest_framework.decorators import action
from rest_framework.response import Response
from rest_framework.permissions import IsAuthenticated, IsAdminUser
from django_filters.rest_framework import DjangoFilterBackend
from .models import Product
from .serializers import ProductSerializer, ProductCreateSerializer
from .permissions import IsOwnerOrReadOnly
from .filters import ProductFilter
from .services import ProductService
class ProductViewSet(viewsets.ModelViewSet):
"""Productモデル用のViewSet。"""
queryset = Product.objects.select_related('category').prefetch_related('tags')
permission_classes = [IsAuthenticated, IsOwnerOrReadOnly]
filter_backends = [DjangoFilterBackend, filters.SearchFilter, filters.OrderingFilter]
filterset_class = ProductFilter
search_fields = ['name', 'description']
ordering_fields = ['price', 'created_at', 'name']
ordering = ['-created_at']
def get_serializer_class(self):
"""アクションに基づいて適切なシリアライザーを返す。"""
if self.action == 'create':
return ProductCreateSerializer
return ProductSerializer
def perform_create(self, serializer):
"""ユーザーコンテキストで保存。"""
serializer.save(created_by=self.request.user)
@action(detail=False, methods=['get'])
def featured(self, request):
"""注目の製品を返す。"""
featured = self.queryset.filter(is_featured=True)[:10]
serializer = self.get_serializer(featured, many=True)
return Response(serializer.data)
@action(detail=True, methods=['post'])
def purchase(self, request, pk=None):
"""製品を購入。"""
product = self.get_object()
service = ProductService()
result = service.purchase(product, request.user)
return Response(result, status=status.HTTP_201_CREATED)
@action(detail=False, methods=['get'], permission_classes=[IsAuthenticated])
def my_products(self, request):
"""現在のユーザーが作成した製品を返す。"""
products = self.queryset.filter(created_by=request.user)
page = self.paginate_queryset(products)
serializer = self.get_serializer(page, many=True)
return self.get_paginated_response(serializer.data)
```
### カスタムアクション
```python
from rest_framework.decorators import api_view, permission_classes
from rest_framework.permissions import IsAuthenticated
from rest_framework.response import Response
@api_view(['POST'])
@permission_classes([IsAuthenticated])
def add_to_cart(request):
"""製品をユーザーのカートに追加。"""
product_id = request.data.get('product_id')
quantity = request.data.get('quantity', 1)
try:
product = Product.objects.get(id=product_id)
except Product.DoesNotExist:
return Response(
{'error': 'Product not found'},
status=status.HTTP_404_NOT_FOUND
)
cart, _ = Cart.objects.get_or_create(user=request.user)
CartItem.objects.create(
cart=cart,
product=product,
quantity=quantity
)
return Response({'message': 'Added to cart'}, status=status.HTTP_201_CREATED)
```
## サービスレイヤーパターン
```python
# apps/orders/services.py
from typing import Optional
from django.db import transaction
from .models import Order, OrderItem
class OrderService:
"""注文関連のビジネスロジック用のサービスレイヤー。"""
@staticmethod
@transaction.atomic
def create_order(user, cart: Cart) -> Order:
"""カートから注文を作成。"""
order = Order.objects.create(
user=user,
total_price=cart.total_price
)
for item in cart.items.all():
OrderItem.objects.create(
order=order,
product=item.product,
quantity=item.quantity,
price=item.product.price
)
# カートをクリア
cart.items.all().delete()
return order
@staticmethod
def process_payment(order: Order, payment_data: dict) -> bool:
"""注文の支払いを処理。"""
# 決済ゲートウェイとの統合
payment = PaymentGateway.charge(
amount=order.total_price,
token=payment_data['token']
)
if payment.success:
order.status = Order.Status.PAID
order.save()
# 確認メールを送信
OrderService.send_confirmation_email(order)
return True
return False
@staticmethod
def send_confirmation_email(order: Order):
"""注文確認メールを送信。"""
# メール送信ロジック
pass
```
## キャッシング戦略
### ビューレベルのキャッシング
```python
from django.views.decorators.cache import cache_page
from django.utils.decorators import method_decorator
@method_decorator(cache_page(60 * 15), name='dispatch') # 15分
class ProductListView(generic.ListView):
model = Product
template_name = 'products/list.html'
context_object_name = 'products'
```
### テンプレートフラグメントのキャッシング
```django
{% load cache %}
{% cache 500 sidebar %}
... 高コストなサイドバーコンテンツ ...
{% endcache %}
```
### 低レベルキャッシング
```python
from django.core.cache import cache
def get_featured_products():
"""キャッシング付きで注目の製品を取得。"""
cache_key = 'featured_products'
products = cache.get(cache_key)
if products is None:
products = list(Product.objects.filter(is_featured=True))
cache.set(cache_key, products, timeout=60 * 15) # 15分
return products
```
### QuerySetのキャッシング
```python
from django.core.cache import cache
def get_popular_categories():
cache_key = 'popular_categories'
categories = cache.get(cache_key)
if categories is None:
categories = list(Category.objects.annotate(
product_count=Count('products')
).filter(product_count__gt=10).order_by('-product_count')[:20])
cache.set(cache_key, categories, timeout=60 * 60) # 1時間
return categories
```
## シグナル
### シグナルパターン
```python
# apps/users/signals.py
from django.db.models.signals import post_save
from django.dispatch import receiver
from django.contrib.auth import get_user_model
from .models import Profile
User = get_user_model()
@receiver(post_save, sender=User)
def create_user_profile(sender, instance, created, **kwargs):
"""ユーザーが作成されたときにプロファイルを作成。"""
if created:
Profile.objects.create(user=instance)
@receiver(post_save, sender=User)
def save_user_profile(sender, instance, **kwargs):
"""ユーザーが保存されたときにプロファイルを保存。"""
instance.profile.save()
# apps/users/apps.py
from django.apps import AppConfig
class UsersConfig(AppConfig):
default_auto_field = 'django.db.models.BigAutoField'
name = 'apps.users'
def ready(self):
"""アプリが準備できたらシグナルをインポート。"""
import apps.users.signals
```
## ミドルウェア
### カスタムミドルウェア
```python
# middleware/active_user_middleware.py
import time
from django.utils.deprecation import MiddlewareMixin
class ActiveUserMiddleware(MiddlewareMixin):
"""アクティブユーザーを追跡するミドルウェア。"""
def process_request(self, request):
"""受信リクエストを処理。"""
if request.user.is_authenticated:
# 最終アクティブ時刻を更新
request.user.last_active = timezone.now()
request.user.save(update_fields=['last_active'])
class RequestLoggingMiddleware(MiddlewareMixin):
"""リクエストロギング用のミドルウェア。"""
def process_request(self, request):
"""リクエスト開始時刻をログ。"""
request.start_time = time.time()
def process_response(self, request, response):
"""リクエスト期間をログ。"""
if hasattr(request, 'start_time'):
duration = time.time() - request.start_time
logger.info(f'{request.method} {request.path} - {response.status_code} - {duration:.3f}s')
return response
```
## パフォーマンス最適化
### N+1クエリの防止
```python
# Bad - N+1クエリ
products = Product.objects.all()
for product in products:
print(product.category.name) # 各製品に対して個別のクエリ
# Good - select_relatedで単一クエリ
products = Product.objects.select_related('category').all()
for product in products:
print(product.category.name)
# Good - 多対多のためのprefetch
products = Product.objects.prefetch_related('tags').all()
for product in products:
for tag in product.tags.all():
print(tag.name)
```
### データベースインデックス
```python
class Product(models.Model):
name = models.CharField(max_length=200, db_index=True)
slug = models.SlugField(unique=True)
category = models.ForeignKey('Category', on_delete=models.CASCADE)
created_at = models.DateTimeField(auto_now_add=True)
class Meta:
indexes = [
models.Index(fields=['name']),
models.Index(fields=['-created_at']),
models.Index(fields=['category', 'created_at']),
]
```
### 一括操作
```python
# 一括作成
Product.objects.bulk_create([
Product(name=f'Product {i}', price=10.00)
for i in range(1000)
])
# 一括更新
products = Product.objects.all()[:100]
for product in products:
product.is_active = True
Product.objects.bulk_update(products, ['is_active'])
# 一括削除
Product.objects.filter(stock=0).delete()
```
## クイックリファレンス
| パターン | 説明 |
|---------|-------------|
| 分割設定 | dev/prod/test設定の分離 |
| カスタムQuerySet | 再利用可能なクエリメソッド |
| サービスレイヤー | ビジネスロジックの分離 |
| ViewSet | REST APIエンドポイント |
| シリアライザー検証 | リクエスト/レスポンス変換 |
| select_related | 外部キー最適化 |
| prefetch_related | 多対多最適化 |
| キャッシュファースト | 高コスト操作のキャッシング |
| シグナル | イベント駆動アクション |
| ミドルウェア | リクエスト/レスポンス処理 |
**覚えておいてください**: Djangoは多くのショートカットを提供しますが、本番アプリケーションでは、構造と組織が簡潔なコードよりも重要です。保守性を重視して構築してください。Related Skills
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SwiftUI 架构模式,使用 @Observable 进行状态管理,视图组合,导航,性能优化,以及现代 iOS/macOS UI 最佳实践。
perl-patterns
现代 Perl 5.36+ 的惯用法、最佳实践和约定,用于构建稳健、可维护的 Perl 应用程序。
kotlin-ktor-patterns
Ktor 服务器模式,包括路由 DSL、插件、身份验证、Koin DI、kotlinx.serialization、WebSockets 和 testApplication 测试。
kotlin-exposed-patterns
JetBrains Exposed ORM 模式,包括 DSL 查询、DAO 模式、事务、HikariCP 连接池、Flyway 迁移和仓库模式。
rust-patterns
Idiomatic Rust patterns, ownership, error handling, traits, concurrency, and best practices for building safe, performant applications.
laravel-patterns
Laravel architecture patterns, routing/controllers, Eloquent ORM, service layers, queues, events, caching, and API resources for production apps.
springboot-patterns
Spring Boot architecture patterns, REST API design, layered services, data access, caching, async processing, and logging. Use for Java Spring Boot backend work.
jpa-patterns
JPA/Hibernate patterns for entity design, relationships, query optimization, transactions, auditing, indexing, pagination, and pooling in Spring Boot.
django-verification
Verification loop for Django projects: migrations, linting, tests with coverage, security scans, and deployment readiness checks before release or PR.
django-tdd
Django testing strategies with pytest-django, TDD methodology, factory_boy, mocking, coverage, and testing Django REST Framework APIs.
django-security
Django security best practices, authentication, authorization, CSRF protection, SQL injection prevention, XSS prevention, and secure deployment configurations.
python-patterns
Python-specific design patterns and best practices including protocols, dataclasses, context managers, decorators, async/await, type hints, and package organization. Use when working with Python code to apply Pythonic patterns.