swiftui-patterns
SwiftUI 架构模式,使用 @Observable 进行状态管理,视图组合,导航,性能优化,以及现代 iOS/macOS UI 最佳实践。
About this skill
This skill provides comprehensive guidance on modern SwiftUI architectural patterns for building robust, high-performance, and declarative user interfaces for Apple platforms. It delves into advanced state management using the `Observation` framework (`@Observable`, `@State`, `@Binding`, `@Bindable`), effective view composition techniques, implementing type-safe navigation with `NavigationStack`, and strategies for optimizing UI rendering performance. The skill also covers best practices for environment values and dependency injection, ensuring developers leverage the latest iOS/macOS UI paradigms. Derived from a widely adopted repository focused on enhancing AI agent capabilities, this skill enables agents to generate and analyze SwiftUI code that adheres to production-grade standards.
Best use case
Enables an AI agent to generate, analyze, or refactor SwiftUI code following modern best practices. It helps in designing robust app architectures, implementing efficient state management, and building performant, maintainable user interfaces for iOS and macOS applications.
SwiftUI 架构模式,使用 @Observable 进行状态管理,视图组合,导航,性能优化,以及现代 iOS/macOS UI 最佳实践。
The AI agent will produce high-quality, idiomatic SwiftUI code that adheres to modern architectural patterns and best practices. It will implement efficient state management, clear navigation, and performant UI components, resulting in maintainable and scalable Apple platform applications. The agent's generated code will be robust and follow contemporary Swift/SwiftUI standards.
Practical example
Example input
Generate a SwiftUI view for a user profile screen. It should display the user's name, email, and a list of their recent activities. Use `@Observable` for the profile data and `@Bindable` for editing capabilities. Implement a `NavigationStack` to navigate to an activity detail screen.
Example output
The AI agent will provide Swift/SwiftUI code for a `UserProfileView`, including an `@Observable` `UserProfileViewModel` to manage user data. It will demonstrate how to use `@Bindable` for editable fields, structure the view with appropriate modifiers, and integrate `NavigationStack` for navigating to an `ActivityDetailView` when an activity is selected. The output will reflect best practices for state management, view composition, and modern UI patterns.
When to use this skill
- When building new SwiftUI views and managing their state using `@State`, `@Observable`, `@Binding`, or `@Environment`.
- When designing navigation flows with `NavigationStack` or other type-safe navigation patterns.
- When constructing view models and defining data flow within a SwiftUI application.
- When optimizing rendering performance for lists, complex layouts, or custom UI components.
When not to use this skill
- When working with UIKit or AppKit directly without SwiftUI.
- When focusing on backend development, data science, or other non-UI related tasks.
- When the task does not involve generating, evaluating, or refactoring Swift/SwiftUI code.
Installation
Claude Code / Cursor / Codex
Manual Installation
- Download SKILL.md from GitHub
- Place it in
.claude/skills/swiftui-patterns/SKILL.mdinside your project - Restart your AI agent — it will auto-discover the skill
How swiftui-patterns Compares
| Feature / Agent | swiftui-patterns | Standard Approach |
|---|---|---|
| Platform Support | Claude | Limited / Varies |
| Context Awareness | High | Baseline |
| Installation Complexity | easy | N/A |
Frequently Asked Questions
What does this skill do?
SwiftUI 架构模式,使用 @Observable 进行状态管理,视图组合,导航,性能优化,以及现代 iOS/macOS UI 最佳实践。
Which AI agents support this skill?
This skill is designed for Claude.
How difficult is it to install?
The installation complexity is rated as easy. You can find the installation instructions above.
Where can I find the source code?
You can find the source code on GitHub using the link provided at the top of the page.
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SKILL.md Source
# SwiftUI 模式
适用于 Apple 平台的现代 SwiftUI 模式,用于构建声明式、高性能的用户界面。涵盖 Observation 框架、视图组合、类型安全导航和性能优化。
## 何时激活
* 构建 SwiftUI 视图和管理状态时(`@State`、`@Observable`、`@Binding`)
* 使用 `NavigationStack` 设计导航流程时
* 构建视图模型和数据流时
* 优化列表和复杂布局的渲染性能时
* 在 SwiftUI 中使用环境值和依赖注入时
## 状态管理
### 属性包装器选择
选择最适合的最简单包装器:
| 包装器 | 使用场景 |
|---------|----------|
| `@State` | 视图本地的值类型(开关、表单字段、Sheet 展示) |
| `@Binding` | 指向父视图 `@State` 的双向引用 |
| `@Observable` 类 + `@State` | 拥有多个属性的自有模型 |
| `@Observable` 类(无包装器) | 从父视图传递的只读引用 |
| `@Bindable` | 指向 `@Observable` 属性的双向绑定 |
| `@Environment` | 通过 `.environment()` 注入的共享依赖项 |
### @Observable ViewModel
使用 `@Observable`(而非 `ObservableObject`)—— 它跟踪属性级别的变更,因此 SwiftUI 只会重新渲染读取了已变更属性的视图:
```swift
@Observable
final class ItemListViewModel {
private(set) var items: [Item] = []
private(set) var isLoading = false
var searchText = ""
private let repository: any ItemRepository
init(repository: any ItemRepository = DefaultItemRepository()) {
self.repository = repository
}
func load() async {
isLoading = true
defer { isLoading = false }
items = (try? await repository.fetchAll()) ?? []
}
}
```
### 消费 ViewModel 的视图
```swift
struct ItemListView: View {
@State private var viewModel: ItemListViewModel
init(viewModel: ItemListViewModel = ItemListViewModel()) {
_viewModel = State(initialValue: viewModel)
}
var body: some View {
List(viewModel.items) { item in
ItemRow(item: item)
}
.searchable(text: $viewModel.searchText)
.overlay { if viewModel.isLoading { ProgressView() } }
.task { await viewModel.load() }
}
}
```
### 环境注入
用 `@Environment` 替换 `@EnvironmentObject`:
```swift
// Inject
ContentView()
.environment(authManager)
// Consume
struct ProfileView: View {
@Environment(AuthManager.self) private var auth
var body: some View {
Text(auth.currentUser?.name ?? "Guest")
}
}
```
## 视图组合
### 提取子视图以限制失效
将视图拆分为小型、专注的结构体。当状态变更时,只有读取该状态的子视图会重新渲染:
```swift
struct OrderView: View {
@State private var viewModel = OrderViewModel()
var body: some View {
VStack {
OrderHeader(title: viewModel.title)
OrderItemList(items: viewModel.items)
OrderTotal(total: viewModel.total)
}
}
}
```
### 用于可复用样式的 ViewModifier
```swift
struct CardModifier: ViewModifier {
func body(content: Content) -> some View {
content
.padding()
.background(.regularMaterial)
.clipShape(RoundedRectangle(cornerRadius: 12))
}
}
extension View {
func cardStyle() -> some View {
modifier(CardModifier())
}
}
```
## 导航
### 类型安全的 NavigationStack
使用 `NavigationStack` 与 `NavigationPath` 来实现程序化、类型安全的路由:
```swift
@Observable
final class Router {
var path = NavigationPath()
func navigate(to destination: Destination) {
path.append(destination)
}
func popToRoot() {
path = NavigationPath()
}
}
enum Destination: Hashable {
case detail(Item.ID)
case settings
case profile(User.ID)
}
struct RootView: View {
@State private var router = Router()
var body: some View {
NavigationStack(path: $router.path) {
HomeView()
.navigationDestination(for: Destination.self) { dest in
switch dest {
case .detail(let id): ItemDetailView(itemID: id)
case .settings: SettingsView()
case .profile(let id): ProfileView(userID: id)
}
}
}
.environment(router)
}
}
```
## 性能
### 为大型集合使用惰性容器
`LazyVStack` 和 `LazyHStack` 仅在视图可见时才创建它们:
```swift
ScrollView {
LazyVStack(spacing: 8) {
ForEach(items) { item in
ItemRow(item: item)
}
}
}
```
### 稳定的标识符
在 `ForEach` 中始终使用稳定、唯一的 ID —— 避免使用数组索引:
```swift
// Use Identifiable conformance or explicit id
ForEach(items, id: \.stableID) { item in
ItemRow(item: item)
}
```
### 避免在 body 中进行昂贵操作
* 切勿在 `body` 内执行 I/O、网络调用或繁重计算
* 使用 `.task {}` 处理异步工作 —— 当视图消失时它会自动取消
* 在滚动视图中谨慎使用 `.sensoryFeedback()` 和 `.geometryGroup()`
* 在列表中最小化使用 `.shadow()`、`.blur()` 和 `.mask()` —— 它们会触发屏幕外渲染
### 遵循 Equatable
对于 body 计算昂贵的视图,遵循 `Equatable` 以跳过不必要的重新渲染:
```swift
struct ExpensiveChartView: View, Equatable {
let dataPoints: [DataPoint] // DataPoint must conform to Equatable
static func == (lhs: Self, rhs: Self) -> Bool {
lhs.dataPoints == rhs.dataPoints
}
var body: some View {
// Complex chart rendering
}
}
```
## 预览
使用 `#Preview` 宏配合内联模拟数据以进行快速迭代:
```swift
#Preview("Empty state") {
ItemListView(viewModel: ItemListViewModel(repository: EmptyMockRepository()))
}
#Preview("Loaded") {
ItemListView(viewModel: ItemListViewModel(repository: PopulatedMockRepository()))
}
```
## 应避免的反模式
* 在新代码中使用 `ObservableObject` / `@Published` / `@StateObject` / `@EnvironmentObject` —— 迁移到 `@Observable`
* 将异步工作直接放在 `body` 或 `init` 中 —— 使用 `.task {}` 或显式的加载方法
* 在不拥有数据的子视图中将视图模型创建为 `@State` —— 改为从父视图传递
* 使用 `AnyView` 类型擦除 —— 对于条件视图,优先选择 `@ViewBuilder` 或 `Group`
* 在向 Actor 传递数据或从 Actor 接收数据时忽略 `Sendable` 要求
## 参考
查看技能:`swift-actor-persistence` 以了解基于 Actor 的持久化模式。
查看技能:`swift-protocol-di-testing` 以了解基于协议的 DI 和使用 Swift Testing 进行测试。Related Skills
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