springboot-patterns

Spring Boot 架构模式、REST API 设计、分层服务、数据访问、缓存、异步处理与日志。适用于 Java Spring Boot 后端开发。

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Best use case

springboot-patterns is best used when you need a repeatable AI agent workflow instead of a one-off prompt. It is especially useful for teams working in multi. Spring Boot 架构模式、REST API 设计、分层服务、数据访问、缓存、异步处理与日志。适用于 Java Spring Boot 后端开发。

Spring Boot 架构模式、REST API 设计、分层服务、数据访问、缓存、异步处理与日志。适用于 Java Spring Boot 后端开发。

Users should expect a more consistent workflow output, faster repeated execution, and less time spent rewriting prompts from scratch.

Practical example

Example input

Use the "springboot-patterns" skill to help with this workflow task. Context: Spring Boot 架构模式、REST API 设计、分层服务、数据访问、缓存、异步处理与日志。适用于 Java Spring Boot 后端开发。

Example output

A structured workflow result with clearer steps, more consistent formatting, and an output that is easier to reuse in the next run.

When to use this skill

  • Use this skill when you want a reusable workflow rather than writing the same prompt again and again.

When not to use this skill

  • Do not use this when you only need a one-off answer and do not need a reusable workflow.
  • Do not use it if you cannot install or maintain the related files, repository context, or supporting tools.

Installation

Claude Code / Cursor / Codex

$curl -o ~/.claude/skills/springboot-patterns/SKILL.md --create-dirs "https://raw.githubusercontent.com/xu-xiang/everything-claude-code-zh/main/docs/ja-JP/skills/springboot-patterns/SKILL.md"

Manual Installation

  1. Download SKILL.md from GitHub
  2. Place it in .claude/skills/springboot-patterns/SKILL.md inside your project
  3. Restart your AI agent — it will auto-discover the skill

How springboot-patterns Compares

Feature / Agentspringboot-patternsStandard Approach
Platform SupportNot specifiedLimited / Varies
Context Awareness High Baseline
Installation ComplexityUnknownN/A

Frequently Asked Questions

What does this skill do?

Spring Boot 架构模式、REST API 设计、分层服务、数据访问、缓存、异步处理与日志。适用于 Java Spring Boot 后端开发。

Where can I find the source code?

You can find the source code on GitHub using the link provided at the top of the page.

SKILL.md Source

# Spring Boot 开发模式

为构建可扩展的生产级服务提供的 Spring Boot 架构与 API 模式。

## REST API 结构

```java
@RestController
@RequestMapping("/api/markets")
@Validated
class MarketController {
  private final MarketService marketService;

  MarketController(MarketService marketService) {
    this.marketService = marketService;
  }

  @GetMapping
  ResponseEntity<Page<MarketResponse>> list(
      @RequestParam(defaultValue = "0") int page,
      @RequestParam(defaultValue = "20") int size) {
    Page<Market> markets = marketService.list(PageRequest.of(page, size));
    return ResponseEntity.ok(markets.map(MarketResponse::from));
  }

  @PostMapping
  ResponseEntity<MarketResponse> create(@Valid @RequestBody CreateMarketRequest request) {
    Market market = marketService.create(request);
    return ResponseEntity.status(HttpStatus.CREATED).body(MarketResponse::from(market));
  }
}
```

## 仓库模式(Repository Pattern, Spring Data JPA)

```java
public interface MarketRepository extends JpaRepository<MarketEntity, Long> {
  @Query("select m from MarketEntity m where m.status = :status order by m.volume desc")
  List<MarketEntity> findActive(@Param("status") MarketStatus status, Pageable pageable);
}
```

## 带事务的服务层

```java
@Service
public class MarketService {
  private final MarketRepository repo;

  public MarketService(MarketRepository repo) {
    this.repo = repo;
  }

  @Transactional
  public Market create(CreateMarketRequest request) {
    MarketEntity entity = MarketEntity.from(request);
    MarketEntity saved = repo.save(entity);
    return Market.from(saved);
  }
}
```

## DTO 与校验(Validation)

```java
public record CreateMarketRequest(
    @NotBlank @Size(max = 200) String name,
    @NotBlank @Size(max = 2000) String description,
    @NotNull @FutureOrPresent Instant endDate,
    @NotEmpty List<@NotBlank String> categories) {}

public record MarketResponse(Long id, String name, MarketStatus status) {
  static MarketResponse from(Market market) {
    return new MarketResponse(market.id(), market.name(), market.status());
  }
}
```

## 异常处理(Exception Handling)

```java
@ControllerAdvice
class GlobalExceptionHandler {
  @ExceptionHandler(MethodArgumentNotValidException.class)
  ResponseEntity<ApiError> handleValidation(MethodArgumentNotValidException ex) {
    String message = ex.getBindingResult().getFieldErrors().stream()
        .map(e -> e.getField() + ": " + e.getDefaultMessage())
        .collect(Collectors.joining(", "));
    return ResponseEntity.badRequest().body(ApiError.validation(message));
  }

  @ExceptionHandler(AccessDeniedException.class)
  ResponseEntity<ApiError> handleAccessDenied() {
    return ResponseEntity.status(HttpStatus.FORBIDDEN).body(ApiError.of("Forbidden"));
  }

  @ExceptionHandler(Exception.class)
  ResponseEntity<ApiError> handleGeneric(Exception ex) {
    // 记录带堆栈轨迹的非预期错误日志
    return ResponseEntity.status(HttpStatus.INTERNAL_SERVER_ERROR)
        .body(ApiError.of("Internal server error"));
  }
}
```

## 缓存(Caching)

需要在配置类中使用 `@EnableCaching`。

```java
@Service
public class MarketCacheService {
  private final MarketRepository repo;

  public MarketCacheService(MarketRepository repo) {
    this.repo = repo;
  }

  @Cacheable(value = "market", key = "#id")
  public Market getById(Long id) {
    return repo.findById(id)
        .map(Market::from)
        .orElseThrow(() -> new EntityNotFoundException("Market not found"));
  }

  @CacheEvict(value = "market", key = "#id")
  public void evict(Long id) {}
}
```

## 异步处理

需要在配置类中使用 `@EnableAsync`。

```java
@Service
public class NotificationService {
  @Async
  public CompletableFuture<Void> sendAsync(Notification notification) {
    // 发送邮件/短信
    return CompletableFuture.completedFuture(null);
  }
}
```

## 日志(Logging, SLF4J)

```java
@Service
public class ReportService {
  private static final Logger log = LoggerFactory.getLogger(ReportService.class);

  public Report generate(Long marketId) {
    log.info("generate_report marketId={}", marketId);
    try {
      // 业务逻辑
    } catch (Exception ex) {
      log.error("generate_report_failed marketId={}", marketId, ex);
      throw ex;
    }
    return new Report();
  }
}
```

## 中间件 / 过滤器(Middleware / Filter)

```java
@Component
public class RequestLoggingFilter extends OncePerRequestFilter {
  private static final Logger log = LoggerFactory.getLogger(RequestLoggingFilter.class);

  @Override
  protected void doFilterInternal(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response,
      FilterChain filterChain) throws ServletException, IOException {
    long start = System.currentTimeMillis();
    try {
      filterChain.doFilter(request, response);
    } finally {
      long duration = System.currentTimeMillis() - start;
      log.info("req method={} uri={} status={} durationMs={}",
          request.getMethod(), request.getRequestURI(), response.getStatus(), duration);
    }
  }
}
```

## 分页与排序

```java
PageRequest page = PageRequest.of(pageNumber, pageSize, Sort.by("createdAt").descending());
Page<Market> results = marketService.list(page);
```

## 具备容错能力的外部调用(Resilient External Calls)

```java
public <T> T withRetry(Supplier<T> supplier, int maxRetries) {
  int attempts = 0;
  while (true) {
    try {
      return supplier.get();
    } catch (Exception ex) {
      attempts++;
      if (attempts >= maxRetries) {
        throw ex;
      }
      try {
        Thread.sleep((long) Math.pow(2, attempts) * 100L);
      } catch (InterruptedException ie) {
        Thread.currentThread().interrupt();
        throw ex;
      }
    }
  }
}
```

## 限流(Rate Limiting, Filter + Bucket4j)

**安全提示**: `X-Forwarded-For` 请求头默认不可信,因为客户端可以伪造它。
仅在以下情况下使用转发请求头:
1. 应用程序部署在受信任的反向代理(如 nginx, AWS ALB 等)后
2. 已将 `ForwardedHeaderFilter` 注册为 Bean
3. 在 application properties 中设置了 `server.forward-headers-strategy=NATIVE` 或 `FRAMEWORK`
4. 代理服务器已配置为重写(而不是追加) `X-Forwarded-For` 请求头

如果正确配置了 `ForwardedHeaderFilter`,`request.getRemoteAddr()` 将自动从转发请求头中返回正确的客户端 IP。如果没有此配置,请直接使用 `request.getRemoteAddr()`,它将返回直连 IP,这是唯一可信的值。

```java
@Component
public class RateLimitFilter extends OncePerRequestFilter {
  private final Map<String, Bucket> buckets = new ConcurrentHashMap<>();

  /*
   * 安全提示: 此过滤器使用 request.getRemoteAddr() 识别客户端以进行限流。
   *
   * 如果应用程序部署在反向代理(如 nginx, AWS ALB 等)后,需要正确配置 Spring 
   * 处理转发请求头,以确保能够准确检测客户端 IP:
   *
   * 1. 在 application.properties/yaml 中设置 server.forward-headers-strategy=NATIVE
   *    (适用于云平台)或 FRAMEWORK
   * 2. 如果使用 FRAMEWORK 策略,请注册 ForwardedHeaderFilter:
   *
   *    @Bean
   *    ForwardedHeaderFilter forwardedHeaderFilter() {
   *        return new ForwardedHeaderFilter();
   *    }
   *
   * 3. 确保代理服务器会重写(覆盖) X-Forwarded-For 请求头以防止伪造
   * 4. 根据容器类型设置 server.tomcat.remoteip.trusted-proxies 或同等配置
   *
   * 如果没有这些配置,request.getRemoteAddr() 将返回代理服务器的 IP 而不是客户端 IP。
   * 切勿直接读取 X-Forwarded-For,在没有受信任的代理处理机制下,该头很容易被伪造。
   */
  @Override
  protected void doFilterInternal(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response,
      FilterChain filterChain) throws ServletException, IOException {
    // 如果配置了 ForwardedHeaderFilter,getRemoteAddr() 将返回正确的客户端 IP。
    // 否则返回直连 IP。在没有适当代理配置的情况下,不要直接信任 X-Forwarded-For 请求头。
    String clientIp = request.getRemoteAddr();

    Bucket bucket = buckets.computeIfAbsent(clientIp,
        k -> Bucket.builder()
            .addLimit(Bandwidth.classic(100, Refill.greedy(100, Duration.ofMinutes(1))))
            .build());

    if (bucket.tryConsume(1)) {
      filterChain.doFilter(request, response);
    } else {
      response.setStatus(HttpStatus.TOO_MANY_REQUESTS.value());
    }
  }
}
```

## 后台任务

使用 Spring 的 `@Scheduled` 或集成消息队列(Kafka, SQS, RabbitMQ 等)。保持处理器(Handler)幂等且可观测。

## 可观测性(Observability)

- 结构化日志(JSON):通过 Logback encoder 实现
- 指标(Metrics):Micrometer + Prometheus/OTel
- 链路追踪(Tracing):Micrometer Tracing 配合 OpenTelemetry 或 Brave 后端

## 生产环境默认实践

- 优先使用构造函数注入,避免字段注入(Field Injection)
- 启用 `spring.mvc.problemdetails.enabled=true` 以支持 RFC 7807 错误详情(Spring Boot 3+)
- 根据工作负载配置 HikariCP 连接池大小并设置超时
- 为查询操作使用 `@Transactional(readOnly = true)`
- 使用 `@NonNull` 和 `Optional` 强制执行 null 安全性

**请记住**:保持 Controller 层轻量,Service 层专注,Repository 层简单,并集中处理异常。为可维护性和可测试性进行优化。

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