implementing-cloud-vulnerability-posture-management

# 实施云漏洞态势管理（Implementing Cloud Vulnerability Posture Management）

## 概述

云安全态势管理（Cloud Security Posture Management，CSPM）持续监控云基础设施中的错误配置、合规违规和安全风险。与传统漏洞扫描不同，CSPM 专注于云原生风险：IAM 过度授权、暴露的存储桶、未加密数据、缺失的网络控制以及服务错误配置。本技能涵盖使用 AWS Security Hub、Azure Defender for Cloud 以及 Prowler、ScoutSuite 等开源工具进行多云 CSPM 管理。

## 前置条件

- 已配置 SecurityAudit IAM 策略的 AWS CLI
- 具有 Security Reader 角色的 Azure CLI
- Python 3.9+，包含 `boto3`、`azure-identity`、`azure-mgmt-security`
- Prowler（https://github.com/prowler-cloud/prowler）
- ScoutSuite（https://github.com/nccgroup/ScoutSuite）

## AWS Security Hub

### 启用 Security Hub
```bash
# 启用 AWS Security Hub 并使用默认标准
aws securityhub enable-security-hub \
  --enable-default-standards \
  --region us-east-1

# 启用特定标准
aws securityhub batch-enable-standards \
  --standards-subscription-requests \
    '{"StandardsArn":"arn:aws:securityhub:us-east-1::standards/aws-foundational-security-best-practices/v/1.0.0"}' \
    '{"StandardsArn":"arn:aws:securityhub:us-east-1::standards/cis-aws-foundations-benchmark/v/1.4.0"}'

# 获取发现摘要
aws securityhub get-findings \
  --filters '{"SeverityLabel":[{"Value":"CRITICAL","Comparison":"EQUALS"}],"RecordState":[{"Value":"ACTIVE","Comparison":"EQUALS"}]}' \
  --max-items 10
```

### Security Hub 标准
| 标准 | 说明 |
|------|------|
| AWS 基础安全最佳实践 | AWS 推荐的基线控制 |
| CIS AWS 基准 1.4 | CIS 加固要求 |
| PCI DSS v3.2.1 | 支付卡行业控制 |
| NIST SP 800-53 Rev 5 | 联邦安全控制 |

## Azure Defender for Cloud

### 启用 Defender CSPM
```bash
# 启用 Defender for Cloud 免费层
az security pricing create \
  --name CloudPosture \
  --tier standard

# 检查安全评分
az security secure-score list \
  --query "[].{Name:displayName,Score:current,Max:max}" \
  --output table

# 获取安全建议
az security assessment list \
  --query "[?status.code=='Unhealthy'].{Name:displayName,Severity:metadata.severity,Resource:resourceDetails.id}" \
  --output table

# 获取告警
az security alert list \
  --query "[?status=='Active'].{Name:alertDisplayName,Severity:severity,Time:timeGeneratedUtc}" \
  --output table
```

## 开源工具：Prowler

### 安装和执行
```bash
# 安装 Prowler
pip install prowler

# 运行完整 AWS 扫描
prowler aws --output-formats json-ocsf,csv,html

# 运行特定检查
prowler aws --checks s3_bucket_public_access iam_root_mfa_enabled ec2_sg_open_to_internet

# 针对特定 AWS Profile 和区域运行
prowler aws --profile production --region us-east-1 --output-formats json-ocsf

# 运行 CIS 基准合规检查
prowler aws --compliance cis_1.5_aws

# 运行 PCI DSS 合规检查
prowler aws --compliance pci_3.2.1_aws

# 扫描 Azure 环境
prowler azure --subscription-ids "sub-id-here"

# 扫描 GCP 环境
prowler gcp --project-ids "project-id-here"
```

### Prowler 检查类别
| 类别 | 示例 |
|------|------|
| IAM | Root MFA、密码策略、访问密钥轮换 |
| S3 | 公开访问、加密、版本控制 |
| EC2 | 安全组、EBS 加密、元数据服务 |
| RDS | 公开访问、加密、备份保留 |
| CloudTrail | 已启用、已加密、日志验证 |
| VPC | 流量日志、默认安全组限制 |
| Lambda | 公开访问、运行时版本 |
| EKS | 公开端点、Secret 加密 |

## 开源工具：ScoutSuite

```bash
# 安装 ScoutSuite
pip install scoutsuite

# 运行 AWS 评估
scout aws --profile production

# 运行 Azure 评估
scout azure --cli

# 运行 GCP 评估
scout gcp --project-id my-project

# 结果以交互式 HTML 报告形式输出
# 在浏览器中打开 scout-report/report.html
```

## 多云聚合

```python
import json
import subprocess
from datetime import datetime, timezone

def run_prowler_scan(provider, output_dir, compliance=None):
    """对云提供商运行 Prowler 扫描。"""
    cmd = ["prowler", provider, "--output-formats", "json-ocsf",
           "--output-directory", output_dir]
    if compliance:
        cmd.extend(["--compliance", compliance])
    result = subprocess.run(cmd, capture_output=True, text=True, timeout=3600)
    return result.returncode == 0

def aggregate_findings(prowler_dirs):
    """聚合多次 Prowler 扫描的发现结果。"""
    all_findings = []
    for scan_dir in prowler_dirs:
        json_files = list(Path(scan_dir).glob("*.json"))
        for jf in json_files:
            with open(jf, "r") as f:
                for line in f:
                    try:
                        finding = json.loads(line.strip())
                        all_findings.append(finding)
                    except json.JSONDecodeError:
                        continue
    # 按严重性排序
    severity_order = {"critical": 0, "high": 1, "medium": 2, "low": 3, "informational": 4}
    all_findings.sort(key=lambda f: severity_order.get(
        f.get("severity", "informational").lower(), 5
    ))
    return all_findings

def generate_posture_report(findings, output_path):
    """生成云安全态势报告。"""
    report = {
        "generated_at": datetime.now(timezone.utc).isoformat(),
        "total_findings": len(findings),
        "by_severity": {},
        "by_provider": {},
        "by_service": {},
    }
    for f in findings:
        sev = f.get("severity", "unknown")
        provider = f.get("cloud_provider", "unknown")
        service = f.get("service_name", "unknown")
        report["by_severity"][sev] = report["by_severity"].get(sev, 0) + 1
        report["by_provider"][provider] = report["by_provider"].get(provider, 0) + 1
        report["by_service"][service] = report["by_service"].get(service, 0) + 1

    with open(output_path, "w") as f:
        json.dump(report, f, indent=2)
    return report
```

## 参考资料

- [AWS Security Hub](https://aws.amazon.com/security-hub/)
- [Azure Defender for Cloud](https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/azure/defender-for-cloud/)
- [Prowler](https://github.com/prowler-cloud/prowler)
- [ScoutSuite](https://github.com/nccgroup/ScoutSuite)
- [CIS 基准](https://www.cisecurity.org/cis-benchmarks)